A Simple Guide to Understanding Anxiety Disorder

 

Introduction

Anxiety disorder is a widespread mental health problem that impacts millions of individuals globally. In this guide, we’ll explore the various aspects of anxiety, including its definition, statistics, symptoms, causes and treatment options.

Understanding anxiety

Anxiety is the body's natural response to stress, triggered by the anticipation of future events. It manifests as a feeling of unease or apprehension about what lies ahead. For example, individuals may experience anxiety and worry before a job interview, when giving a speech on the first day of class, or when meeting someone they like for the first time.

It becomes a disorder if the feelings of anxiety are extreme, last for at least 6 months and affect day to day activities. Types of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), panic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobias and separation anxiety disorder etc. A person can have more than one anxiety disorder. Factors contributing to anxiety include genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, personality, and life experiences.

Statistics (A closer look)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anxiety disorders rank among the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide, impacting over 3.6% of the global population. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety and depression rates surged across Africa, including Nigeria. A systematic review revealed staggering statistics, indicating that during the pandemic, anxiety and depression prevalence rates in Africa reached approximately 47% and 48%, respectively. Particularly concerning was the reported anxiety prevalence among frontline nurses in Nigeria, which soared to 88.5%. Furthermore, among adolescents in Nigeria, anxiety disorders were prevalent, with social phobias emerging as the most common subtype, affecting 6.6% of the population.

Symptoms

Physical Symptoms:

• Restlessness
• Uneasiness, nausea, or cramps
• Sleep-related problems (excessive sleep or sleeplessness)
• Cold or sweaty hands or feet (sweating)
• Numbness in the hands or feet
• Shortness of breath
• Increased heart rate
• Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)
• Chest pain
• Dry mouth
• Hot flashes or chills
• Sudden trembling
• Dizziness
• Experiencing gastrointestinal problems 
• Feeling weak or tired (fatigue)

Psychological symptoms

• Sudden panic and fear
• Obsessions and compulsions
• Trouble concentrating or thinking about anything other than the present worry
• Having trouble sleeping
• Having difficulty controlling worry 
• Irritability 
• Unexplained hurts or pain

Behavioral Symptoms:

• Avoidance of fear-inducing situations (having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety)
• Compulsive behaviors (e.g., repetitive actions or rituals)
• Social withdrawal

Causes of Anxiety:

Biological Factors:

• Changes in brain chemicals and functioning
• Genetics: Family history (first degree relatives with an anxiety disorder like generalized anxiety disorder)
• Hormonal imbalance

Environmental Factors:

• Environmental stress
• Traumatic life events (accidents, divorce, loss of a loved one)
• Other medical conditions (heart problems, diabetes, depression, hyperthyroidism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease etc.)
• Substance abuse
• Environmental concerns, such as child abuse
• Situations such as surgery or occupational hazards 

Personality Traits:

• Perfectionism
• Low self-esteem
• Excessive need for control

Treatment options

Please be aware that for an effective treatment plan, it is imperative to consult with a professional.

They are:

Professional psychological therapy:

• Counseling: For managing stress, overwhelming feelings, and life challenges.
• Psychotherapy: Helps address overwhelming emotions and anxiety.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A specialized form of psychotherapy that helps change thought patterns and behaviors.
• Exposure Therapy: Gradual exposure to feared objects or situations under controlled conditions to reduce anxiety.
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Teaches mindfulness techniques to manage stress and anxiety.

Medications: 

I won't be recommending any. Please see a doctor and don't self medicate

Self-Care:

• Diet: Consume foods rich in vitamin B and tryptophan. Consume a balanced diet. 
• Lifestyle Changes: Exercise, relaxation techniques (e.g., yoga, deep breathing, meditation), and adequate sleep.
• Avoid: Caffeine, alcohol, and excessive stress.

Conclusion

It's important to recognize that experiencing everyday anxiety, such as feeling embarrassed in social situations or worrying about significant life events, is a normal part of life. However, how we respond to these emotions is key. On the other hand, anxiety disorder, as outlined in this guide, presents with persistent and excessive symptoms that significantly impact daily functioning.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of anxiety disorder for at least six months and it's affecting everyday activities, seeking professional help or making lifestyle changes is crucial. In the next blog post, I’ll share valuable resources to support those dealing with anxiety disorders, identify how to help people with anxiety disorder and explicitly differentiate between everyday anxiety and anxiety disorder so stay tuned.

Remember, if you suspect a friend is struggling with anxiety disorder, be present for them, encourage them to seek professional help, and stay tuned for further guidance in our next blog post. Together, we can break the stigma surrounding mental health and ensure everyone has access to the support they need.

A voice of concern

Stigmatizing individuals with anxiety disorders is unjust. With proper treatment, they can develop effective strategies to navigate daily life. The information shared here aims to empower you to support yourself, a friend, or a family member. Please note that while I’m here to educate and advocate, I am not a mental health professional. Wishing you all the best on your journey. Blessings!

References

Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2019). Understand the Facts | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA. Adaa.org. https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety

Bello, U. M., Kannan, P., Chutiyami, M., Salihu, D., Cheong, A. M. Y., Miller, T., Pun, J. W., Muhammad, A. S., Mahmud, F. A., Jalo, H. A., Ali, M. U., Kolo, M. A., Sulaiman, S. K., Lawan, A., Bello, I. M., Gambo, A. A., & Winser, S. J. (2022). Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among the General Population in Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.814981

Holland, K. (2018, September 19). Everything You Need to Know About Anxiety. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety#types

National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Anxiety Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders